STAT/09/135, 18 September 2009
Europe in figures - Eurostat yearbook 2009
European statistics from A to Z
How much have infant mortality rates in the EU fallen since 1965? In which fields are there the most PhD students and what is the split between men and women? Which sectors have increased their importance in the EU economy in recent years? What proportion of those employed in the EU have a second job? The answers to these questions and to many more can be found in the 13 th edition of the Eurostat yearbook 1 , published by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities .
Europe in f igures - Eurostat yearbook 2009 presents in more than 500 pages a comprehensive selection of the available statistical data at Eurostat, together with explanatory text. The yearbook may be viewed as an introduction to EU statistics and provides guidance to the vast range of data freely available from the Eurostat website 2 and its online databases. For the first time this year, there are linked data codes below each table in the PDF version of the publication, leading directly to the relevant tables on the website. The yearbook shows how key indicators have developed in the EU27 , the euro area , the Member States and the Candidate countries . Data for the EFTA countries, the US and Japan are included when available.
The 2009 yearbook has sixteen main chapters on different statistical areas. The first chapter puts creativity and innovation - the theme of the European year 2009 - in the spotlight. The other chapters cover all major statistical domains: economy, population, education, health, living conditions and welfare, labour market, industry and services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, external trade, transport, environment, energy, science and technology, Europe's regions and finally a chapter devoted to the links between statistics and European policies. An annex contains details of the nomenclatures used.
This News Release presents a selection of the statistics found in the yearbook.
Infant mortality rate in the EU27 six times lower in 40 years
There were 4.7 cases of infant mortality per 1 000 live births in the EU27 in 2006, down significantly from 28.6 in 1965 and 12.8 in 1985. In all Member States, the infant mortality rates decreased between 1965 and 2007. The largest absolute falls in the rate were recorded in Portugal (from 64.9 infant deaths per 1 000 live births in 1965 to 3.4 in 2007), Poland (from 41.6 to 6.0), Hungary (from 38.8 to 5.9), Romania (from 44.1 to 12.0), Italy (from 35.0 to 3.7) and Greece (from 34.3 to 3.5).
In 2007, infant mortality per 1 000 live births was lowest in Luxembourg (1.8 cases per 1 000 live births), Sweden (2.5), Finland (2.7), Slovenia (2.8), the Czech Republic and Ireland (both 3.1), and highest in Romania (12.0), Bulgaria (9.2), Latvia (8.7), Malta (6.5) and Slovakia (6.1).
Infant mortality (per 1 000 live births)
|
1965 |
1985 |
2007 |
|
|
EU 27 * |
28.6 |
12.8 |
4.7 |
|
Belgium |
23.7 |
9.8 |
4.0 |
|
Bulgaria |
30.8 |
15.4 |
9.2 |
|
Czech Republic |
23.7 |
12.5 |
3.1 |
|
Denmark |
18.7 |
7.9 |
4.0 |
|
Germany |
24.1 |
9.1 |
3.9 |
|
Estonia |
20.3 |
14.1 |
5.0 |
|
Ireland |
25.2 |
8.8 |
3.1 |
|
Greece |
34.3 |
14.1 |
3.5 |
|
Spain |
29.4 |
8.9 |
3.7 |
|
France * |
22.4 |
8.3 |
3.8 |
|
Italy |
35.0 |
10.5 |
3.7 |
|
Cyprus |
32.0 |
14.4 |
3.7 |
|
Latvia |
18.9 |
13.0 |
8.7 |
|
Lithuania |
24.7 |
14.2 |
5.9 |
|
Luxembourg |
24.0 |
9.0 |
1.8 |
|
Hungary |
38.8 |
20.4 |
5.9 |
|
Malta |
34.8 |
14.5 |
6.5 |
|
Netherlands |
14.4 |
8.0 |
4.1 |
|
Austria |
28.3 |
11.2 |
3.7 |
|
Poland |
41.6 |
22.1 |
6.0 |
|
Portugal |
64.9 |
17.8 |
3.4 |
|
Romania |
44.1 |
25.6 |
12.0 |
|
Slovenia |
29.6 |
13.0 |
2.8 |
|
Slovakia |
28.5 |
16.3 |
6.1 |
|
Finland |
17.6 |
6.3 |
2.7 |
|
Sweden |
13.3 |
6.8 |
2.5 |
|
United Kingdom * |
19.6 |
11.1 |
4.9 |
|
Croatia |
49.5 |
16.6 |
5.6 |
|
F ormer Yug. Rep. of Macedonia |
105.8 |
43.4 |
10.3 |
|
Turkey |
: |
: |
21.7 |
|
Iceland |
15.0 |
5.7 |
2.0 |
|
Lichtenstein |
22.8 |
10.7 |
0.0 |
|
Norway |
14.6 |
8.5 |
3.1 |
|
Switzerland |
17.8 |
6.9 |
3.9 |
: Data not available
* 2006 instead of 2007, France: excluding overseas departments in 1965 and 1985
37% of PhD students in the EU studied science and engineering in 2006
There were just over half a million PhD students in the EU (excluding Germany and Luxembourg) in 2006, of which 52% were men and 48% women. Men were in the majority among PhD students in most Member States. Men accounted for more than 60% of PhD students in Malta (64%) and the Czech Republic (62%), while women made up 60% of PhD students in Latvia.
Just over a third (37%) of PhD students in the EU in 2006 were enrolled in science, mathematics, computing & engineering, followed by 23% in social sciences, business & law, 22% in teacher training, education, humanities & arts, 14% in health, welfare & services and 3% in agriculture & veterinary studies.
Among the Member States, the highest shares of PhD students were generally found in science, mathematics, computing & engineering, with at least half of students in Greece (56% in 2005) and Cyprus (50%). However in Austria, Latvia, Portugal and Spain, the highest proportion of PhD students were enrolled in social sciences, business & law, and in Malta in teacher training, education, humanities & arts.
PhD students, 2006
|
Total PhD students, in thousands |
Male, % |
Female, % |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
EU * |
516.5 |
52.4 |
47.6 |
36.9 |
22.9 |
21.6 |
13.9 |
2.8 |
||||||||||
|
Belgium |
7.5 |
59.0 |
41.0 |
46.2 |
19.6 |
13.3 |
13.9 |
7.1 |
||||||||||
|
Bulgaria |
5.2 |
49.7 |
50.3 |
39.7 |
21.2 |
22.5 |
12.8 |
3.8 |
||||||||||
|
Czech Republic |
22.6 |
62.1 |
37.9 |
46.4 |
16.3 |
15.3 |
15.8 |
4.5 |
||||||||||
|
Denmark |
4.8 |
54.2 |
45.8 |
39.3 |
12.8 |
14.5 |
25.2 |
8.2 |
||||||||||
|
Germany ** |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
||||||||||
|
Estonia |
2.0 |
46.5 |
53.5 |
42.3 |
21.2 |
21.0 |
9.8 |
5.6 |
||||||||||
|
Ireland |
5.1 |
52.1 |
47.9 |
49.2 |
14.7 |
21.0 |
8.4 |
2.0 |
||||||||||
|
Greece *** |
22.5 |
55.6 |
44.4 |
55.9 |
17.5 |
22.6 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
||||||||||
|
Spain |
77.1 |
49.0 |
51.0 |
22.8 |
23.9 |
21.8 |
18.5 |
2.0 |
||||||||||
|
France |
69.8 |
53.9 |
46.1 |
38.9 |
30.7 |
27.0 |
3.3 |
0.1 |
||||||||||
|
Italy |
38.3 |
48.3 |
51.7 |
42.4 |
19.7 |
15.0 |
15.6 |
6.3 |
||||||||||
|
Cyprus |
0.3 |
51.0 |
49.0 |
50.0 |
21.2 |
28.8 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
||||||||||
|
Latvia |
1.8 |
39.6 |
60.4 |
30.1 |
33.5 |
24.1 |
10.1 |
2.2 |
||||||||||
|
Lithuania |
2.9 |
43.4 |
56.6 |
40.8 |
31.6 |
13.8 |
10.1 |
3.7 |
||||||||||
|
Luxembourg |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
||||||||||
|
Hungary |
8.0 |
53.0 |
47.0 |
32.2 |
20.6 |
24.9 |
16.3 |
6.0 |
||||||||||
|
Malta |
0.1 |
64.1 |
35.9 |
28.1 |
20.3 |
37.5 |
14.1 |
0.0 |
||||||||||
|
Netherlands **** |
7.4 |
58.6 |
41.4 |
: |
: |
: |
: |
: |
||||||||||
|
Austria |
16.8 |
54.3 |
45.7 |
29.6 |
37.9 |
24.4 |
4.7 |
3.3 |
||||||||||
|
Poland |
32.7 |
50.7 |
49.3 |
31.2 |
24.1 |
30.5 |
9.2 |
5.0 |
||||||||||
|
Portugal ***** |
20.5 |
44.0 |
56.0 |
29.4 |
30.2 |
23.8 |
14.8 |
1.8 |
||||||||||
|
Romania |
21.7 |
51.7 |
48.3 |
31.6 |
17.5 |
15.3 |
27.7 |
7.8 |
||||||||||
|
Slovenia |
1.1 |
53.5 |
46.5 |
47.8 |
15.8 |
17.2 |
15.3 |
3.9 |
||||||||||
|
Slovakia |
10.7 |
57.1 |
42.9 |
39.4 |
19.8 |
18.4 |
18.9 |
3.4 |
||||||||||
|
Finland ***** |
22.1 |
48.4 |
51.6 |
40.2 |
22.6 |
24.3 |
10.9 |
2.1 |
||||||||||
|
Sweden ***** |
21.4 |
51.3 |
48.7 |
41.5 |
12.4 |
12.6 |
31.6 |
2.0 |
||||||||||
|
United Kingdom |
94.2 |
55.4 |
44.6 |
40.5 |
20.9 |
21.6 |
15.3 |
1.4 |
||||||||||
|
Croatia |
1.3 |
53.3 |
46.7 |
46.2 |
7.2 |
22.0 |
18.1 |
6.5 |
||||||||||
|
Turkey |
32.6 |
60.6 |
39.4 |
33.4 |
24.3 |
22.5 |
11.7 |
8.1 |
||||||||||
|
Iceland |
0.2 |
41.7 |
58.3 |
26.9 |
17.3 |
28.8 |
26.9 |
0.0 |
||||||||||
|
Norway |
5.0 |
53.6 |
46.4 |
41.1 |
17.4 |
12.7 |
24.4 |
4.4 |
||||||||||
|
Switzerland |
17.2 |
59.7 |
40.3 |
39.7 |
26.3 |
15.6 |
15.3 |
2.8 |
||||||||||
|
Japan |
75.0 |
70.3 |
29.7 |
33.0 |
13.2 |
13.6 |
32.4 |
5.8 |
||||||||||
|
United States |
388.7 |
48.2 |
51.8 |
30.3 |
26.9 |
24.4 |
17.7 |
0.8 |
||||||||||
PhD students in this table are students enrolled in advanced research programmes (International Standard Classification of Education level 6).
Shares for fields might not add up to 100% due to unknown or not specified fields.
: Data not available
* EU excludes data for missing Member States
** Data not available since PhD students in Germany are not required to register/enrol at a university
*** 2005, except for total number of PhD students, 2006
**** Total number of PhD students 2005
***** Portugal: Data include enrolments in research master programmes.
Finland and Sweden: Data include enrolments in research licentiate programmes.
Business activities and financial services account for 28% of the EU27 economy
In the EU27, the share of the business & financial services sector in the economy increased from 24.9% of total gross value added in 1997 to 28.2% in 2007. The other services 3 sector, including among others public administration and health, remained stable at around 22% and trade, transport & communication services remained stable at around 21%. The share of the industrial sector fell from 23.3% in 1997 to 20.2% in 2007, while the share of the construction sector rose from 5.6% to 6.3%. The share of agriculture, hunting and fishing decreased from 2.8% to 1.9%.
In 2007, the highest shares of the business activities & financial services sector in the total economy were found in Luxembourg (49.0%), the United Kingdom (33.8%) and France (33.3%).
The other services 3 sector had the highest shares in Malta (28.3%), Denmark (26.8%), Portugal and Sweden (both 26.3%).
For trade, transport & communication services, the highest shares were observed in Latvia (33.0%), Lithuania (31.5%) and Greece (30.6%).
For the industrial sector, the highest shares were observed in the Czech Republic (32.0% in 2006), Slovakia (30.3%), Romania (27.5% in 2006) and Slovenia (27.5%), while for the construction sector, the highest shares were recorded in Spain (12.3%), Lithuania (10.0%) and Ireland (9.9% in 2006).
For agriculture, hunting & fishing , the highest shares were found in Romania (8.8% in 2006), Bulgaria (6.2%) and Lithuania (5.3%).
Share by sector of total gross value added*, in %
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
EU27 |
2.8 |
1.9 |
23.3 |
20.2 |
5.6 |
6.3 |
21.3 |
21.2 |
24.9 |
28.2 |
22.2 |
22.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Belgium |
1.6 |
0.9 |
23.5 |
18.9 |
4.9 |
5.2 |
21.3 |
23.5 |
26.3 |
28.4 |
22.5 |
23.2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Bulgaria |
26.2 |
6.2 |
26.4 |
24.1 |
2.7 |
8.2 |
17.5 |
24.4 |
18.8 |
22.0 |
8.4 |
15.1 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Czech Republic ** |
4.2 |
2.6 |
33.0 |
32.0 |
7.5 |
6.2 |
24.7 |
25.3 |
14.8 |
16.6 |
15.8 |
17.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Denmark |
3.2 |
1.3 |
20.9 |
20.1 |
4.8 |
5.6 |
22.5 |
21.6 |
21.8 |
24.5 |
26.8 |
26.8 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Germany |
1.3 |
0.9 |
25.1 |
26.4 |
6.0 |
4.0 |
17.8 |
17.6 |
27.3 |
29.2 |
22.6 |
21.9 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Estonia |
5.2 |
2.8 |
24.9 |
21.3 |
6.1 |
9.1 |
26.7 |
26.9 |
20.2 |
23.3 |
16.9 |
16.6 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ireland ** |
5.2 |
1.7 |
33.1 |
25.0 |
5.6 |
9.9 |
18.6 |
16.8 |
18.7 |
26.4 |
18.9 |
20.2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Greece ** |
6.6 |
3.6 |
13.9 |
14.8 |
7.0 |
8.3 |
30.1 |
30.6 |
20.6 |
18.8 |
21.7 |
24.0 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Spain |
5.0 |
2.9 |
22.2 |
17.5 |
7.1 |
12.3 |
26.4 |
24.4 |
18.3 |
22.1 |
21.0 |
20.9 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
France |
3.2 |
2.2 |
18.4 |
14.1 |
5.1 |
6.5 |
19.1 |
18.7 |
29.4 |
33.3 |
24.8 |
25.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Italy |
3.2 |
2.0 |
24.4 |
20.8 |
5.1 |
6.3 |
23.9 |
22.5 |
22.8 |
27.6 |
20.6 |
20.8 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Cyprus |
4.0 |
2.2 |
13.4 |
9.8 |
7.9 |
9.1 |
29.9 |
27.2 |
22.6 |
27.8 |
22.2 |
23.8 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Latvia |
5.1 |
3.3 |
25.3 |
13.6 |
4.2 |
8.4 |
31.5 |
33.0 |
14.0 |
23.5 |
19.9 |
18.2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Lithuania |
11.4 |
5.3 |
23.5 |
23.3 |
7.6 |
10.0 |
27.7 |
31.5 |
11.5 |
14.7 |
18.3 |
15.1 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Luxembourg |
0.8 |
0.4 |
14.7 |
9.3 |
6.2 |
5.1 |
23.1 |
20.8 |
37.8 |
49.0 |
17.3 |
15.4 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Hungary |
5.9 |
4.2 |
28.1 |
25.2 |
4.6 |
4.2 |
23.2 |
21.3 |
19.1 |
23.0 |
19.1 |
22.2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Malta |
2.8 |
2.3 |
22.3 |
17.7 |
4.3 |
3.8 |
31.6 |
27.0 |
17.4 |
20.9 |
21.5 |
28.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Netherlands |
3.5 |
2.0 |
20.6 |
18.8 |
5.3 |
5.6 |
22.3 |
21.9 |
26.0 |
28.3 |
22.4 |
23.4 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Austria |
2.3 |
1.8 |
23.0 |
23.5 |
7.9 |
7.1 |
24.7 |
23.1 |
20.3 |
24.2 |
21.7 |
20.4 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Poland |
6.6 |
4.3 |
26.1 |
23.2 |
7.2 |
7.9 |
26.4 |
27.9 |
15.3 |
18.4 |
18.2 |
18.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Portugal |
4.6 |
2.5 |
22.0 |
18.0 |
7.0 |
6.5 |
24.2 |
24.3 |
19.7 |
22.4 |
22.5 |
26.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Romania ** |
16.0 |
8.8 |
29.1 |
27.5 |
5.6 |
8.4 |
25.5 |
25.4 |
12.4 |
17.6 |
11.3 |
12.2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Slovenia |
4.2 |
2.0 |
29.1 |
27.5 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
21.7 |
22.5 |
18.8 |
21.6 |
19.5 |
19.4 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Slovakia |
5.3 |
2.9 |
28.0 |
30.3 |
7.3 |
6.7 |
26.3 |
26.6 |
17.0 |
17.8 |
16.2 |
15.8 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Finland |
4.1 |
3.2 |
27.4 |
26.2 |
4.9 |
6.4 |
21.8 |
21.6 |
19.3 |
21.2 |
22.7 |
21.4 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Sweden |
2.5 |
1.5 |
25.1 |
23.7 |
4.0 |
5.0 |
19.0 |
19.4 |
24.2 |
24.0 |
25.1 |
26.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
United Kingdom |
1.4 |
0.9 |
24.9 |
16.6 |
5.0 |
5.2 |
21.9 |
21.1 |
25.4 |
33.8 |
21.4 |
22.4 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Croatia |
8.7 |
6.8 |
24.2 |
23.3 |
7.1 |
6.8 |
25.6 |
26.0 |
17.1 |
18.8 |
17.2 |
18.2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia ** |
12.8 |
12.6 |
28.4 |
23.5 |
6.2 |
6.7 |
22.2 |
28.1 |
10.2 |
10.6 |
20.3 |
18.6 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Turkey |
14.3 |
7.6 |
24.9 |
19.3 |
6.0 |
4.9 |
34.2 |
27.6 |
8.0 |
17.6 |
12.7 |
10.1 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Iceland ** |
10.2 |
6.1 |
20.8 |
15.5 |
8.3 |
10.5 |
22.0 |
18.4 |
17.0 |
27.6 |
21.8 |
21.9 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Norway |
2.4 |
1.4 |
32.5 |
37.8 |
4.7 |
5.2 |
21.4 |
16.7 |
16.8 |
18.3 |
22.2 |
20.5 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Switzerland |
1.8 |
1.2 |
23.0 |
22.5 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
22.0 |
21.8 |
21.8 |
23.6 |
26.0 |
25.4 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
* Gross value added is defined as the value of all newly generated goods and services less the value of all goods and services consumed as intermediate consumption. For the economy as a whole, it usually makes up more than 90% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
** Czech Republic, Ireland, Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia and Iceland: 2006 instead of 2007, Greece: 2000 instead of 1997, Romania: 1998 instead of 1997 and 2006 instead of 2007.
*** Public administration and defence, compulsory social security; education; health and social work; other community, social and personal service activities; private households with employed persons
The proportion of those with a second job varies from 1% in Bulgaria to 10% in Denmark
In the EU27, 3.9% of those employed had a second job in 2007. Denmark (9.9%) had the highest share, followed by Sweden (8.1%), Poland (7.7%) and the Netherlands (7.2%). The lowest proportions of those having a second job were found in Bulgaria (0.8%), Slovakia (1.1%), Hungary (1.6%) and the Czech Republic (1.7%). On the other hand, 18.2% of employed persons worked part-time 4 in the EU27 in 2007. The largest proportions of those employed on a part-time basis were found in the Netherlands (46.8%), Germany (26.0%), the United Kingdom (25.5%) and Sweden (25.0%), and the smallest in Bulgaria (1.7%), Slovakia (2.6%), Hungary (4.1%) and the Czech Republic (5.0%).
Persons with a second job and persons working part-time, 2007
|
Persons with a second job, % |
Persons working part-time, % |
Persons with a second job, % |
Persons working part-time, % |
||
|
EU 27 |
3.9 |
18.2 |
Malta |
5.3 |
11.1 |
|
Belgium |
3.9 |
22.1 |
Netherlands |
7.2 |
46.8 |
|
Bulgaria |
0.8 |
1.7 |
Austria |
4.3 |
22.6 |
|
Czech Republic |
1.7 |
5.0 |
Poland |
7.7 |
9.2 |
|
Denmark |
9.9 |
24.1 |
Portugal |
6.7 |
12.1 |
|
Germany |
3.8 |
26.0 |
Romania |
3.9 |
9.7 |
|
Estonia |
3.6 |
8.2 |
Slovenia |
3.8 |
9.3 |
|
Ireland * |
2.7 |
16.8 |
Slovakia |
1.1 |
2.6 |
|
Greece |
3.2 |
5.6 |
Finland |
4.3 |
14.1 |
|
Spain |
2.6 |
11.8 |
Sweden |
8.1 |
25.0 |
|
France |
3.1 |
17.2 |
United Kingdom |
3.7 |
25.5 |
|
Italy |
1.8 |
13.6 |
Croatia |
3.1 |
8.6 |
|
Cyprus |
4.4 |
7.3 |
Turkey |
2.7 |
8.8 |
|
Latvia |
6.2 |
6.4 |
Iceland ** |
11.8 |
21.7 |
|
Lithuania |
6.1 |
8.6 |
Norway |
7.9 |
28.2 |
|
Luxembourg |
2.0 |
17.8 |
Switzerland |
7.4 |
33.5 |
|
Hungary |
1.6 |
4.1 |
|||
* 2004 data for part-time employment
** 2006 data for those employed with a second job
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" Europe in figures - Eurostat yearbook 2009 " - the PDF-version is available free of charge on the Eurostat website. Data in this News Release and in the publication might not include the latest revisions available in the Eurostat database.
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Public administration and defence, compulsory social security; education; health and social work; other community, social and personal service activities; private households with employed persons.
-
The full-time/part-time distinction is declared by the respondent.
|
Issued by: Eurostat Press Office Louise CORSELLI-NORDBLAD Tel: +352-4301-33 444 |
Eurostat news releases on the Internet: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
